Brad aaronson entitled when was the exodus

In the early 19th Century a papyrus, dating from the end of the Middle Kingdom, was found in Egypt. It was taken to the Leiden Museum in Holland and interpreted by A. Gardiner in The complete papyrus can be found in the book Admonitions of an Egyptian from a heiratic papyrus in Leiden. The papyrus describes violent upheavals in Egypt, starvation, drought, escape of slaves with the wealth of the Egyptians , and death throughout the land.

The papyrus was written by an Egyptian named Ipuwer and appears to be an eyewitness account of the effects of the Exodus plagues from the perspective of an average Egyptian. Below are excerpts from the papyrus together with their parallels in the Book of Exodus. For a lengthier discussion of the papyrus and the historical background of the Exodus, see Jewish Action, Spring , article by Brad Aaronson, entitled When Was the Exodus? Who was the pharoh during this time? I unstand it was Ramses the 2d.

His tomb and all his brothers was found by Kent Weeks and he was an adult. Interestingly enough, the page on Ramesses II includes the comment.

The combination of a wounded, dismembered, and insulted nation, a failed economy, and a paranoid theory of history has led to mass bloodshed within living memory. Interestingly, the Ipuwer papyrus tells of a problem that magicians had:. VI Indeed, magic spells are divulged; smw - and shnw -spells are frustrated because they are remembered by men.

The above is indicating that because magicians knew some tricks, the real miracles were not being paid attention to. Even today, many will follow false leaders, sometimes because of tricks, instead of paying attention to the truth.

Matthew For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. He who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. So, deceit, and even with signs, will happen. The white horse, would seem like a sign of God to many, but instead is holding a false leader. Just like the Egyptians were deceived by their magicans, many will be deceived by the Beast of the earth.

Just like with Pharaoh, the force of government authority and threat of death will be used to keep people in line with the official, and false, position that the Beast of the earth, called the Antichrist and False prophet elsewhere see Some Doctrines of Antichrist , will insist upon. Getting back to frogs, obviously the Egyptians were familiar with frogs, but this was different. Here are some comments from Gill's Commentary :.

And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, To the Egyptians, the frog was a symbol of life and fertility, since millions of them were born after the annual inundation of the Nile, which brought fertility to the otherwise barren lands. Consequently, in Egyptian mythology, there began to be a frog-goddess, who represented fertility, referred to by Egyptologists as Heqet also Heqat , Hekit , Heket etc.

Early frog statuettes are often thought to be depictions of her. Later, as a fertility goddess, associated explicitly with the last stages of the flooding of the Nile, and so with the germination of corn, she became associated with the final stages of childbirth.

This association, which appears to have arisen during the Middle Kingdom, gained her the title She who hastens the birth. Women often wore amulets of her during childbirth, which depicted Heqet as a frog, sitting in a lotus. Heqet was considered the wife of Khnum, who formed the bodies of new children on his potter's wheel. In the myth of Osiris developed, it was said that it was Heqet who breathed life into the new body of Horus at birth, as she was the goddess of the last moments of birth.

As the birth of Horus became more intimately associated with the resurrection of Osiris, so Heqet's role became one more closely associated with resurrection. Eventually, this association led to her amulets gaining the phrase I am the resurrection in the Christian era along with cross and lamb symbolism.

So, the frog goddess affected those who claim to be Christian in Egypt who adopted crosses. Good luck charm amulets and idols are to be avoided by Christians. As the Apostle John wrote:. Petrovich D. July 20, This seemingly would have included images related to the frog goddess, and a plague of frogs would seem to be a reason to do so. Did it Happen? It should be noted that frogs are biblically unclean as they do not meet the criteria of an animal that is biblically clean to eat in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 see also The New Testament Church, History, and Unclean Meats.

The way the New Testament refers to them is consistent with the view that they are still unclean:. So, some type of 'frog-like' plague will affect the earth, though this time probably not with actual frogs.

Many people realize that the Apostle Peter wrote about Christians being holy:. But most do not seem to realize in that last verse Peter was quoting a passage in Leviticus. Let's look at it and the context:. It shall not be eaten. You shall therefore consecrate yourselves, and you shall be holy; for I am holy. Neither shall you defile yourselves with any creeping thing that creeps on the earth. You shall therefore be holy, for I am holy. Leviticus Notice that God is teaching that one should not be contaminated with the type of creatures that the Egyptians were contaminated with nor have the lusts of the flesh they had either cf.

They shall remain in the river only. And Moses cried out to the Lord concerning the frogs which He had brought against Pharaoh. And the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courtyards, and out of the fields. Who may live on your holy hill? He who does these things will never be shaken. Psalm , NIV. If not, this is something you need to change. The Bible teaches that "and all liars shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone" Revelation NKJV.

And yes, the Ten Commandmets were in effect then, which is before they were given on Mount Sinai, and still are today. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans infection in the skin of a salamander A. Martel and F. For decades, a silent killer has slaughtered frogs and salamanders around the world by eating their skins alive. Now, a global team of 41 scientists has announced that the pathogen … has damaged global biodiversity more than any other disease ever recorded.

The new study, published in Science on Thursday , is the first comprehensive tally of the damage done by the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Bd and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Bsal.

In all, the fungi have driven the declines of at least amphibian species, or about one out of every 16 known to science. Of the chytrid-stricken species, 90 have gone extinct or are presumed extinct in the wild. Another species have declined in number by more than 90 percent. All but one of the declines was caused by Bd. Bd— Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in full—kills frogs and other amphibians by eating away at their skin and triggering fatal heart attacks.

Could the loss of amphibians lead to some type of insect explosion that would cause diseases to impact humans? For Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod and struck the dust of the earth, and it became lice on man and beast. All the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt. So there were lice on man and beast. Despite the fact that Egyptian magicians could not do this, Pharaoh did not want to let the children of Israel go. He may have tried to tell himself that this was simply a trick his magicians did not know.

Some feel that the lice may have somehow stung or otherwise bothered people. It has been speculated that the god Ged was the indirect target of this plague.

The word "lice" is rendered as "sand flies" or "fleas" in some translations. The Hebrew word kinnim comes from a root word meaning "to dig"; it is probable that the insect in question would dig under the skin. This plague would have been an embarrassment to Geb, the great god of the earth. Egyptians gave offerings to Geb for the bounty of the soil -- yet it was from "the dust of the soil" that this plague originated. Geb was the Egyptian god of the Earth and a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis.

It was believed in ancient Egypt that Geb's laughter were earthquakes and that he allowed crops to grow. Geb was sometimes said to be the father of the sun god Ra. Geb himself was said to have swallowed up the dead Egyptian kings were said to sit on "the throne of Geb. Geb continued this role as a judge of the dead in the afterlife.

Pinch G. Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. Since all living went to Geb, in a sense, Geb was a god of the underworld and the dead. But God judged against him, as God executed judgement against all the gods of Egypt cf. O Hades, where is your victory? But the lice plague should remind us that we can be infested with problems cf.

Romans that we need God's help for cf. Romans As the lice affected the skin of man and beast, some type of loathsome sore will affect those who have the mark of the Beast see also Mark of the Beast and The Mark of Antichrist and those who worshiped his image see also What Did the Early Church Teach About Idols and Icons?

Exodus , Young's Literal Translation. While most people think that these bugs were flies as flies come from lice, the actual Hebrew word he'aarob means 'swarms.

Nor, I should add, is the word 'beetle' literally in the text. So, the type of insect is uncertain. Notice that this particular plague only hit Egypt and did not affect the children of Israel. Yet, this was not said of the previous four. Often, we Christians face the same tests and trials as the world does cf. But the Bible teaches that God will ultimately differentiate between His people and all others on this planet Revelation ; Revelation Yet, God actually has to warn His people in the end time to come out of Babylon Revelation or face the plagues that it will receive.

How many tests and trials do you have to go through with the world? Notice what the Apostle Paul wrote:. If Christians will properly examine themselves, they will not have to be condemned with the world.

Anyway, with the swarms God made a distinction between His people and the Egyptians. You want God to make a distinction with you as soon as possible, so examine yourself. Because Moses warned about the abominations of the Egyptians, it is possible that this particular swarms had to do with some type of beetle.

It is important to note that Moses did not use the phrase "of flies" in this passage -- he simply used the word "swarms" -- the phrase "of flies" was added by the translators, and it is very possible the translators did not help with our understanding of this passage.

It is very likely that the "swarms" in this passage were swarms of the scarab beetle. The scarab was actually a dung beetle -- an insect that feeds on the dung in the fields. The plague of swarms of scarabs, with mandibles that could saw through wood, was destructive and worse than termites! Deification of the scarab beetle is still seen in Egypt today. Amon-Ra, the creator and king of the gods, had the head of a beetle.

He could appear as a crowned man, a falcon or a man with a falcon's head and, as the scarab beetle pushes a round ball of dung in front of it, the Egyptians pictured Ra as a scarab pushing the sun across the sky. Some scholars believe this "swarm" was of the blood-sucking gadfly, which was responsible for a lot of blindness in the land.

Keil and Delitzsch believe this was the dog-fly, an insect described in detail by Philo. Dog-flies are more annoying than gnats, and fasten themselves to the human body. Against all the Gods of Egypt, 2. The idea that this might be a beetle is possibly supported by the following as the Egyptian god Amun-Re had the head of a beetle.

Interestingly, images of the fly, and even earlier, of the beetle, were symbolically connected with the ancient war goddess and huntress Neith. Neith also protected the royal house, and she was at one time associated with the rising sun Sometimes Neith is represented by the fly, and at other times Peeters Publishers, , p. No matter was type of bug it was, the Egyptian deities failed to protect the Egyptians. Only those that the God of the Bible protected were protected. Insects were important religious symbols in ancient Egyptian culture and mythology.

They were featured prominently in hieroglyphs, seals, and carvings. Depictions of insects were used as talismans for protection, and even placed in burial tombs. To the ancient Egyptians, these tiny creatures were powerful symbols of resurrection and eternal life. In ancient Egypt, flies represented courage and tenacity.

Stone carvings in the form of flies have been found and dated to approximately B. According to Egyptian mythology, flies protected against misfortune and disease. Zagata D. Sacred Insects in Ancient Egypt. Demand Media. But let Pharaoh not deal deceitfully anymore in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the Lord. Not one remained. Despite agreeing to let the children of Israel go, Pharaoh once again broke his word. Hopefully, you are not in a similar habit. Swarms remind us that we can be overwhelmed and think that our problems are too difficult to deal with.

But remember:. The Egyptians got swarms they could not handle. God will not give you more than you really can see also our free online booklet Faith for Those God has Called and Chosen.

It should also be considered that the several of the plagues were essentially a type of pestilence. Pestilences are prophesied:. Luke And the name of him who sat on it was Death, and Hades followed with him.

And power was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts of the earth. So nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel. But the heart of Pharaoh became hard, and he did not let the people go. There were several Egyptian gods associated with animals. Here is a little bit about some of them:. The god Apis was represented as a bull, and had been worshipped in Egypt since around 3, B.

The funerary cult devoted to him left many important remains. The Apis bull was the living image of the god Ptah. He was also associated with Re, from whom he borrowed the disk he wore between his horns.

When the Apis bull died, priests would travel through every pasture in Egypt looking for his replacement -- the calf would have a black coat, with distinctive patches on his neck, back and body. The Apis bull supposedly had the power of prophecy. When the Apis bull died the land of Egypt mourned for him as they would for the loss of the monarch himself. After death, his body would be embalmed, and after the funeral rites were performed, the body would be placed in a granite sarcophagus.

Hathor was the cow-headed goddess of the desert. Later she is represented as a woman with the head of a cow, and finally with a human head, the face broad, kindly, placid, and decidedly bovine, sometimes retaining the ears or horns of the animal she represents.

She is also shown with a head-dress resembling a pair of horns with the moon-disk between them. The goddess Hathor was the symbolic mother of Pharaoh, and the king of Egypt was referred to as "the son of Hathor. In Egyptian mythology, Apis or Hapis alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh , is a bull-deity that was worshipped in the Memphis region. Apis was the most important of all the sacred animals in Egypt No Egyptian god or goddess is a mediator between God and humankind.

Nor are any saints, including Jesus' mother Mary, though some wish to think otherwise Mary, the Mother of Jesus and the Apparitions. The Ipuwer papyrus has a couple of statements showing that there were problems with the livestock in Egypt consisent with the fifth plague:. Papyrus "Behold, butchers transgress? They have given [to] the gods instead of oxen.

Cattle moan Bechmer M. The Ten Plagues Live from Egypt. Back in the days of Egypt, cattle was the source of wealth for many who were wealthy. Many lost much of their wealth with the plague of hail and some of the plagues to follow. While having assets is fine, remember that Jesus taught:.

As mentioned before, the Bible tells of a coming time of pestilences Luke ; Revelation And they caused boils that break out in sores on man and beast. It may be that since ashes become part of the earth that this plague was partially also against Geb, the earth god his 'wife' Nut was likely involved with the seventh. The fact that the magicians were hit by this indicates that this was also against the Egyptian gods of medicine and healing.

One such god would have been a supposedly deifed human named Imhotep:. The first real person in known history is not a conqueror or a king but an artist and a scientist Imhotep, physician, architect and chief adviser of King Zoser ca. He did so much for Egyptian medicine that later generations worshiped him as a god of knowledge, author of their sciences and their arts; Durant W.

This plague was probably skin anthrax, a black abscess that develops into a pustule. This plague was accompanied by painful boils that affected the knees, legs, and soles of the feet cf. This explains why Pharaoh's "magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for the boils were on the magicians and on all the Egyptians" Exo. This plague would have also been an affront to Serapis, the deity in charge of healing, and to Thoth, the ibis-headed god of intelligence and medical learning.

The boils would also be consistent with passages in the Ipuwer papyrus about animals and cattle suffering. Here Moses appears not as an Egyptian but as the son of Joseph. Egypt is stricken by an epidemic that leads to bodily deformities; King Bocchorus consults the oracle and learns he must "purge" the country of this race genus because the gods detest it ut invisum deis. The Jews are driven into the desert, but find a leader in Moses who brings them to Palestine and founds Jerusalem.

Assmann J. Harvard University Press, , pp. So a skin problem and fear of death probably relating to the later plague of the death of the firstborn are recorded in ancient writings as causes of the Exodus. For I am the Lord who heals you.

Let him pray. Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing psalms. Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much. James Sometimes, however, we have to go through long and difficult illnesses. When that happens, it should remind us to examine ourselves 1 Corinthians , but also realize that if we love God, all things will work together for good Romans Interestingly, in the future, God has a plague similar to the boils that affected Pharaoh's magicians and kingdom that will hit those supporting the kingdom of the Beast:.

And the Lord rained hail on the land of Egypt. Since this plague originated from the sky, it would have been an insult to Nut, the sky goddess. Her limbs typified the four pillars on which the sky was supposed to rest. She was supposed originally to be reclining on Geb, the earth, when Shu raised her from this position. Nut was also considered by the Egyptians to be the mother of five other gods: Osiris, Hathor, Set, Isis, and Nephthys.

During this plague, you have to wonder: Where was Shu, the wind god? Where was Horus, the hawk-headed sky god of Upper Egypt? Isis and Seth supposedly protected the crops, but the burned fields testified of their impotence. Although this plague would have caused widespread devastation, a few trees remained for the locusts of the next plague to devour.

Nut is a daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Her husband and brother is Geb. Her name is translated to mean 'sky' and she is considered one of the oldest deities among the Egyptian pantheon, with her origin being found on the creation story of Heliopolis. Nut was also sometimes depicted in the form of a cow whose great body formed the sky and heavens, a sycamore tree, or as a giant sow, suckling many piglets representing the stars.

Nut is also the barrier separating the forces of chaos from the ordered cosmos in the world. She was pictured as a woman arched on her toes and fingertips over the earth; her body portrayed as a star-filled sky. Nut goddess.

Tutankhamun Project - 6th Period Fulay. So, Nut seems to have, at least partially, been a weather goddess, and probably one who protected cattle. The plague of hail showed she and the other weather goddess were ineffective in protecting the cattle of the Egyptians. The Ipuwer papyrus has reports consistent with the biblical account of the hail and fire:. Each man fetches for himself those that are branded with his name. Another aspect of the hail was the fire lightning? Note one peculiar passage of the papyrus — "Forsooth, gates, columns and walls?

IV Indeed, trees are felled and branches are stripped off. IV Indeed, everywhere barley has perished and men are stripped of clothes, spice, and oil; everyone says: "There is none. Barley was a major food source, and flax was likely a source of oil.

Flax was also wear linen for clothes comes from. This plague, especially combined with the following fifth one and the eighth one would have greatly affected food production. And a third of the trees were burned up, and all green grass was burned up. Men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, since that plague was exceedingly great.

Grains come from grasses, hence this hail would expect to impact the food supply. Plus, large hail would tend to also kill livestock. The Lord is righteous, and my people and I are wicked. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer. Many people will make God various promises under pressure or stress, and then not really fulfill them. Pay what you have vowed — 5 Better not to vow than to vow and not pay.

Ecclesiastes For more on repentance, see the article: Christian Repentance. So, while what was happening was possibly discouraging, at times, to Moses and the Israelites, God was implementing His plan. Let My people go, that they may serve Me. Moses flat out told Pharaoh that he needed to humble himself and listen to God.

Notice what Paul wrote to Christians:. Do not set your mind on high things, but associate with the humble. Do not be wise in your own opinion. Let the men go, that they may serve the Lord their God. Do you not yet know that Egypt is destroyed? Who are the ones that are going? Beware, for evil is ahead of you. Go now, you who are men, and serve the Lord, for that is what you desired.

So, Pharaoh considered what God had to say, but decided that he still knew better. Pharoah was wise in his own opinion. This happens to Christians as well as others. Some are wise in their own opinion and have discounted what God has done through the CCOG as we have a lot of Africans.

They think anybody can get them, but fail to ask if that is so, why have more gone with CCOG than any other COG group in the past several years. Acts The Pharisees and Saducees were wise in their opinons, and did not count the Gentiles as important.

Laodiceans , often, do not seem to count Africans as important. Proverbs Many are 'wise in their own eyes. Pharaoh did not, the Pharisees and Sadducees did not, and now the Laodiceans do not trust Him enough Revelation When it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. They were very severe; previously there had been no such locusts as they, nor shall there be such after them.

So there remained nothing green on the trees or on the plants of the field throughout all the land of Egypt. This plague brought utter devastation. One might think that because of the severity that there might be some record of it outside the Bible. Well, the Ipuwer papyrus seems to discuss it:.

Papyrus " The mistresses of houses say: would that we had something to eat. All is ruin! There is no food Forsooth, all animals, their hearts weep. Cattle moan because of the state of the land. Isaac's Birth — Translated according to the Documentary Hypothesis.

Jack Miles. Sodom and Gomorrah Genesis Petersen This article is originally from Biblical Research 18 : Anubis and Bata. An Egyptian parallel to the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife.

Aling, ChristianAnswers. Israelite Origins John J. Banyai Stuttgart. Summary of John J. Short Studies on the Exodus Daniel J. Dyke This site contains background material. Meyers This site contains Meyers' dissertation which discusses various proposals for dating the Exodus using Jewish and Non-Jewish sources in addition to the biblical evidence. Was Mt. Sinai a Volcano? The Legend of Sargon of Akkade, c. Arkenberg Ancient History Sourcebook.

King's Translation. The Code of the Assura, c. Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. It interprets the Tabernacle from a N. Typological viewpoint. Some of the Material has been published in Biblical Archaeology Review. Where is the Ark of the Covenant? Arlton C. What happened to the Ark? Steinmann TC Volume 2, Outline of Exodus Robert Dunston. Lemmelijn Biblica 80 , Will be published in Play the Man!

Israelite Feastcalendar and Chronology M. Outline of Leviticus Robert Dunston. Text of Leviticus arranged by Topics Barry Bandstra. Carter and Carol L. This essay is a reprint from Purity and Danger. Haas Haas is an ordained rabbi and associate professor at Vanderbilt University. This article is from Christian Century , October 8, , pp. Carmichael Biblical 80 , The Greek Version of Leviticus M. Zipor Biblical 79 , Did Moses Marry a Cushite? Banyai's HomePage edited by J.

Outline of Numbers Robert Dunston. Review of Dennis T. Walter Reinhold Warttig Mattfeld, n. Outlines of Deuteronomy Robert Dunston. Critical Theories Who wrote the 5 books of Moses? Jewish Material Tanach Study Center. Reuven Kimelman [On the left hand side, under Multidisciplinary Journal, click on previous issues and choose back issue Volume 1, 2] The Temptation of Adam and Even: Images This site contains a series of pictures.