As a result, the Act was used to ban publications, including American, foreign-language and 89 leftist publications. Following the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in , socialist reading materials in particular were targeted for censure. Membership in left-leaning or pacifist organizations was forbidden. People were also arrested and interned for their political beliefs. Most internees were recent immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian, German and Ottoman empires. Some were Canadian-born or naturalized British subjects.
See Internment in Canada. Another 80, people, mostly Ukrainian Canadians , were forced to register as enemy aliens, to carry identity papers and to report regularly to the police.
Over the course of the war, the federal government interned 8, enemy aliens in 24 receiving stations and internment camps across the country. Of the total number interned, 5, were of Austro-Hungarian origin, including Croats , Ruthenians, Slovaks , Czechs and Ukrainians ; 2, were German ; were Turks and 99 were Bulgarians. According to Sir William Dillon Otter , who was in charge of internment operations, 3, detainees were actual prisoners of war — meaning they had been captured or were enemy reserves.
The rest were civilians. The term enemy alien referred to people from countries, or with roots in countries, that were at war with Canada. Internees also had their property confiscated, much of which was not returned after the war. During their internment, they were often required to work on large labour projects — such as building a portion of the golf course at Banff National Park — as well as building roads , clearing bush, cutting trails and working on logging and mining operations.
They were paid less than half the daily wage offered to other labourers. The debate over conscription mandatory war service divided the country at the end of the First World War. See Military Service Act. Eventually, riots over the issue broke out in Quebec , where support for the war had been weak.
Martial law was proclaimed and more than 6, soldiers were deployed. Rioters attacked the troops with gunfire, ice and bricks. The Easter Riots grew increasingly violent and resulted in as many as casualties. Four civilians were killed when soldiers returned fired. It was brought into effect on 25 August was replaced by similar legislation on 31 December Both measures would have significant impact on Canadian lives.
Its role was to ensure that the high levels of inflation and social unrest the country experienced during the First World War were not repeated. Through the board, the government eventually took full control of the Canadian economy.
It established wage and price controls and set limits on rental and housing costs. A proclamation of amendment or continuation for a period of time equal to the last proclamation of a declaration of emergency by the Governor in Council is to be laid before each House of Parliament within seven days of its issuance.
If a motion for confirmation of such a proclamation is negatived by either House, it would be deemed to have been revoked on that day s. There is no provision for the amendment of declarations of international emergency or war emergency. Under the Emergencies Act , no action in damages would lie against the Minister or any servant or agent of the Crown, including any person providing services as required by regulation, for any act during the existence of an emergency s.
In this case, the Crown would be subrogated to the rights of the person compensated s. On hearing the appeal, the Assessor would be able to:. The Governor in Council is empowered to make regulations to:.
All orders and regulations made under the Act would have to be laid before each House within two sitting days of being made s. If the Governor in Council believes any such orders or regulations would be exempt from publication in the Canada Gazette under the Statutory Instruments Act , they would have to be referred to the Parliamentary Review Committee within two days of being made s.
The Parliamentary Review Committee which may be joint or established by either House of Parliament would consider, in private, the orders and regulations referred to it under s. If within 30 days of an order or regulation being referred to the Committee, a motion amending or revoking that statutory instrument is adopted, such order or regulation would be deemed to be amended or revoked on the day specified in the motion not to be earlier than the date adopted s. The Senate amended then clause 62 to require the Parliamentary Review Committee to be composed of one member from each of the recognized parties in the House of Commons and at least one senator from each party in the Senate that is represented on the committee by a member of the House of Commons.
If not less than 10 members of the Senate or 20 members of the House of Commons move that an order or regulation brought before Parliament be revoked, such a motion must be taken up and debated. If both Houses of Parliament concur in such a motion, the order or regulation would be deemed revoked on the day specified in the motion, not to be earlier than the day of the vote of concurrence s. Almost since its adoption by Parliament in , the War Measures Act was the subject of controversy.
The Act was criticized for granting too much power to the government invoking it while providing minimal parliamentary control, excluding judicial review, and establishing an inadequate compensation scheme. Some argue that the inclusion of preambular references to the Charter of Rights and the Bill of Rights ensures that any resort to the Emergencies Act by a government will be reviewable by the courts.
Preambular statements are merely guideposts to the purpose of the Act, while inclusion of purposive statements in the Act itself would have binding effects on court interpretations. In response to criticisms of this positioning of the definition and for purposes of clarity, the Minister proposed that the term be defined in section 3 of the Bill. The Legislative Committee accepted this amendment. In response to criticism, some of the broad regulation-making power granted to the Governor in Council was limited by amendments to the Act.
Search and seizure powers would apply only to inquiries in relation to black market practices s. Public assemblies could now be controlled only if they might reasonably be expected to lead to a breach of the peace s.
An amendment to the regulation-making power under s. International emergency powers must not be used for the purpose of censorship s. In the First Reading text, many powers were to be exercised on the basis of the opinion of the Governor in Council. The Minister suggested that this would permit testing by the courts.
Despite being Canadian citizens, a significant number were deported to Japan. The exercise of a number of these wartime powers was challenged in the courts. In the Chemicals Reference, the Court considered that the War Measures Act effectively provided the executive branch of government with law-making powers equivalent to the authority vested in Parliament. Therefore, in the view of their Lordships, the government, to whom Parliament had delegated its powers, had significantly wide latitude in the measures it chose to take and, as a matter of statutory construction of the Act , this included the power to deport individuals even of Canadian or British nationality or strip them of their status.
Notably, Japanese immigrants became a particular target with the breakout of war on the Pacific front. The final use of the War Measures Act was also highly controversial, not least because it was invoked during peacetime.
A few days later on October 10, Pierre Laporte, the Deputy Premier of Quebec was also kidnapped and subsequently killed. This resulted in the subsequent arrest of hundreds of individuals, from suspected FLQ members, to students, union members, and many others. Perhaps one of the immortal moments of Canadian political history was born from the affair. Unlike its predecessor, the Emergencies Act contemplates a greater degree of parliamentary supervision over a declaration of a state of emergency and the ability for Parliament to revoke or extend any such declaration.
It is also more prescriptive, with four categories of emergency identified:.
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